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 ?????? ?????? 1924-1994
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Внимание! Читая пророчества на этом сайте помните что достоверность трудно проверить и все может во времени изменяться - самое главное думать своей головой и не верить легкомысленно всему что говорят, особенно советское телевидение
"О дне же том, или часе, никто не знает, ни Ангелы небесные, ни Сын, но только Отец (Мк. 13, 32)"

Linux ?????????



??????????? ? ?????? ? Linux ?????????? ???????????? Linux ????????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ? Linux
Linux ?????????

???, ????? ?????? ???? Linux, ???????????????? initrd (???? ?????? ??? ???????????? root ???????) ?????: as [???? ??????]


initrd - RAM-????, ???????????????? ???????????, ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????, ???????????
?? ????? ?? ???????????? root-???????, (????????, ?? ???????????? ????? ?????????? - ext2/ext3/scsi ??????).

1) man initrd - ??? ??????????? ???????;
2) ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? initrd:
mkinitrd /boot/initrd-2.4.21 2.4.21;
3) ? /etc/lilo.conf:
initrd=/boot/initrd-2.4.21
? mkinitrd ??? initrd ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????.


??? ? Linux ????? kernel panic ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????. [???? ??????]


???????? ? /etc/rc.d/rc.local:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic
?.?. ???????????? ????? ????????? ????? 1 ???. ????? panic, ???? 0 - ?? ?? ????????????? ? ?????.


?????? Linux ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ????? "Warning only 960MB will be used". [????????]


???? ?????????? ? lilo append="mem=1536M" ?? ????????:

?????????? ??????????? 2.2.x ???? ? ?????? CONFIG_2GB=y
Processor type and features -> Maximum Physical Memory -> 2Gb

???? ???????? ??????????? ? ???? 2.4.x - CONFIG_HIGHMEM, CONFIG_HIGHMEM4G ??? CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G


??????????? ??????? ? ??????? iproute2 ?????: Z0termaNN [???? ??????]


tc qdisc add dev eth1 root handle 1: htb default 2 r2q 1
tc class add dev eth1 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 10mbit ceil 10mbit mtu 1500
tc class add dev eth1 parent 1:1 classid 1:77 htb rate 32kbit ceil 48kbit mtu 1500 prio 0
tc class add dev eth1 parent 1:1 classid 1:2 htb rate 128kbit ceil 128kbit mtu 1500
tc filter add dev eth1 protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 1 u32 match ip dport 25 flowid 1:77


??????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????? Reiserfs [???? ??????]


- ???????? ????????? Reiserfs ? ????.
- ????????????? reiserfsprogs-3.x.0j.tar.gz
- C?????? ??? ??????? (mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.4.13;
lilo -C /etc/lilo.flop)
- ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ? Lilo ??????????? "linux root=/dev/hd init=/bin/bash"
- mkreiserfs /dev/hda1
- mount -t reiserfs /dev/had1 /


??? ??? Linux ?????????? ????????? serial ????? (??????????, ????? ?????) [????????]


/bin/setserial -b /dev/ttyS2 uart 16450 port 0x2E8 irq 5


??? ????? poweroff ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????: Alexander [????????]


???? ??? ?????? /sbin/poweroff ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ??:
/sbin/modprobe ospm_busmgr
/sbin/modprobe ospm_system
??? ? /etc/modules.conf:
alias ospm-busmgr ospm_busmgr
alias ospm-busmgr ospm_system


??? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? Linux [????????]


?????????? ? ??????.
modinfo -a ??????
???????? ??????.
modinfo -d ??????
?????? ????????? ??????????.
modinfo -p ??????


??? ? Linux ????????? ????????????? 100Mb FullDuplex ??? Intel EtherExpress Pro100, ? ?? auto-select ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????. [????????]


/sbin/mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0
??? ??????:
? /etc/modules.conf:
options eepro100 options=0x200 full_duplex=1
alias eth0 eepro100
insmod eepro100.o debug=1 options=0x200
??? ???? ? boot ???????????:
ether=0,0,0x200,eth0
PS. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? 1.14 (mod_info -a eepro100) ?????? 0x200 ??????? ?????? 0x30.


??? ??????? ? Linux ?? ???????? ??????? ext3 [????????]


?????????? ? ??????????? ext3 ????? (ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/sct/ext3/) ?
??????? (ftp://download.sourceforge.net/pub/sourceforge/e2fsprogs/).
??????????? ext2 FS ? ext3 (??? ???????????????? ??????? hda1):
tune2fs -j /dev/hda1
???????? ?????????????? (?? ext3 ? ext2):
tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/hda1
fsck.ext2 -f /dev/hdaX
??? ?????????????? ?????? ext3 ???????:
mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
??? ???????? ?????? ???????:
mount /dev/hdaX /mnt -o journal=update


??? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???? Linux [????????]


???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????? CONFIG_PROC_CONFIG=Y:
zcat /proc/config.gz


??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ? EX2FS, ?????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ? ?.?. [????????]


????? ?????? ?? ?????????? - dumpe2fs -h /dev/??????
?????????? ? ?????? ????? - dumpe2fs /dev/??????
??? FreeBSD ????? ???????????? dumpfs.



??????????? ? ?????? ? Linux

??? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??? 2.2.x Linux ???? [????????]


vi /usr/src/linux/include/linux/tasks.h
#define NR_TASKS 512
#define MAX_TASKS_PER_USER (NR_TASKS/2)


??? ?????? LVM, ext3, reiserfs ? xfs ?????: ????? ??????? [????????]


LVM - ????????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????.

ext3 - ?????????? ext2 ??? ??????????????. ???????????? ?????????????? ??????, ? ?? ?????? ?????????? (??? data=journal).

reiserfs - ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????,
???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????.

xfs - ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ??????????, ????????? ACL.


????????? Hyper-Threading scheduler ? Linux, ??? CPU Xeon. [????????]


Linux ???????????? Hyper-Threading ??????? ? ???? 2.4.17.
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? SMP,
??? ????????, ???????? ???????? acpismp=force (? lilo: append=" acpismp=force")
???????? ??????:
cat /proc/cpuinfo, ???? ????? flags ???? "ht", ?? Hyper-Threading ???????????.


??? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ? Linux. [????????]


/usr/src/linux/Documenation/sysctl/vm.txt
/usr/src/linux/Documenation/filesystems/proc.txt
????????? ??? ?????? ?????? bdflush (vm.bdflush)
echo "100 2000 128 512 500 5000 60 0 0" > /proc/sys/vm/bdflush
?????????? ??????? ??? (? %) ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? (????? ?? ???????)
echo "70 10 60" > /proc/sys/vm/buffermem
???????????? ?????? ???????? shared memory.
echo 167772160 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax # (def: 33554432)


??????????? TCP/IP ????? ? Linux ??? ???????????? ???????. [????????]


/usr/src/linux/Documenation/filesystems/proc.txt
/usr/src/linux/Documenation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? 2.2.x/2.4.x ????.
???? ???? ??????? ? CONFIG_SYNCOOKIES ??? ?????? ?? syn ????? (net.ipv4.tcpsyn_cookies)
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies #(0/0)
??????????? ?????? backlog ??????? (?????? sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog).
echo 1280 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_syn_backlog #(128/1024)
????? ????????? SYN ? SYNACK ????????? ??? TCP ?????????? (????? ?? ???????).
echo 4 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_synack_retries #(x/5)
echo 4 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syn_retries #(10/5)
????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????????? TCP ? UDP ?????? (sysctl net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range).
echo "16384 61000" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range #(1024 4999/32768 61000)
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? FIN ?? ??????? ???????? ??????.
echo 30 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout #(180/60)
??? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????? keep alive ??????????.
echo 1800 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time #(7200/7200)
??????? ??????? ???????? keepalive ????????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????.
echo 2 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_probes #(9/9)
????????? TCP window scaling (net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling)
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_window_scaling #(1/1)
????????? selective acknowledgements, RFC2018 (net.ipv4.tcp_sack).
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_sack #(1/1)
????????? TCP timestamps, RFC1323 (net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps)
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_timestamps #(1/1)
??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????.
echo 1048576 > /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max #(65535/autotune)
echo 1048576 > /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default #(65535/autotune)
echo 1048576 > /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max #(65535/autotune)
echo 1048576 > /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default #(65535/autotune)

???? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? (?????? ?? ?????) ?????????.
(net.ipv4.ip_forward ? net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding)
echo 0 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward #(0/0)
echo 0 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/forwarding #(0/0)
????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? (net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries)
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_orphan_retries #(x/7)


??????????? ???????? ?????????? ? Linux [????????]


man hdparm (????????: /sbin/hdparm -c3 -d1 -X34 /dev/hda)
man elvtune
man tune2fs
echo 128000 > /proc/sys/fs/inode-max # def 16384
echo 64000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max # def 4096 ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????.
cd /proc/sys/fs/ (? 2.4.x ???????? ??????????)
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt


??? ??? Linux ??????? ramdisk ???????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. [????????]


??????? ???????????? tmpfs ??? ramfs
(??????? ? ???, ??? ?????? tmpfs ?????????? ?????????, ramfs ??????? ??? ??????, ? ramdisk ?????? ???????? ? ???)
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt
mount -t tmpfs -osize=256M /dev/shm1 /mnt1
??? ramfs:
mount -t ramfs -omaxsize=256M none /mnt1
???? ??????? ???????????? ramdisk ????????, ??????
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/ramdisk.txt
mkdir /ramdisk
??? 256?? ramdisk ? lilo.conf ?????????:
append="ramdisk_size=256000"
????????? lilo ? ????????????? ??????.
mke2fs /dev/ram0
mount -t -ext2 /dev/ram0 /ramdisk


??? ????????? ?????????? shared memory ??? ?????? ?????????????????? PostgreSQL [????????]


? linux:
echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmall
echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
? ??????? ???? FreeBSD:
options SYSVSHM
options SHMMAXPGS=4096
options SHMMAX="(SHMMAXPGS*PAGE_SIZE+1)"
options SHMMIN=2
options SHMMNI=256
options SHMSEG=256
options SYSVSEM
options SEMMAP=512
options SEMMNI=512
options SEMMNS=1024
options SEMMNU=512
options SEMMSL=256
options SEMOPM=256
options SEMUME=64
options SYSVMSG
options MSGMNB=8192
options MSGMNI=256
options MSGSEG=8192
options MSGSSZ=16
options MSGTQL=128
options NMBCLUSTERS=16786
options NBUF=2048
maxusers 512



?????????? ???????????? Linux

??? ???????? Linux ?? ????????? DoS ????. [????????]


????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????:
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.mc_forwarding=0
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1


??? ? linux ????????????? /etc/passwd ? shadow [????????]


/usr/sbin/pwconv


??? ? linux ????????? su ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? wheel [????????]


???????? ? /etc/pam.d/su
auth required pam_wheel.so



????????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ? Linux

????????? ?? ????????????? APT [???? ??????]


apt-get update - ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????;
apt-cache search ????? - ????? ??????? ??????;
apt-cache show ????? - ???????? ?????????? ? ??????;
apt-get install ????? - ????????? ??????;
apt-get remove ????? - ???????? ??????;
apt-get update; apt-get upgrade - ?????? ?????????? ???????.


???, ????? ?????? ???? Linux, ???????????????? initrd (???? ?????? ??? ???????????? root ???????) ?????: as [???? ??????]


initrd - RAM-????, ???????????????? ???????????, ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????, ???????????
?? ????? ?? ???????????? root-???????, (????????, ?? ???????????? ????? ?????????? - ext2/ext3/scsi ??????).

1) man initrd - ??? ??????????? ???????;
2) ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? initrd:
mkinitrd /boot/initrd-2.4.21 2.4.21;
3) ? /etc/lilo.conf:
initrd=/boot/initrd-2.4.21
? mkinitrd ??? initrd ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????.


??? ? RedHat ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? runlevel (init.d) ????????? [????????]


?????????? ????????:
service ??? start
service ??? stop
service ??? restart
?????????? ??? ???????? ????????:
chkconfig --list
chkconfig --add ???
chkconfig --del ???
chkconfig [--level ???????] ??? <on|off|reset>


????????? ?? ?????? RPM. [????????]


????????? ???????: rpm -i <??????>
????????????? ??????: rpm -e <??????>
?????????? ??? ????????? ???????: rpm -U <??????>
?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????: rpm -F <??????>
???????: --force -?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???, --nodeps - ??? ???????? ???????????, -vh - ???????? ?????, --test - ????????.
?????????? ? ??????: rpm -q <?????>
?????? ???? ??????? ? ???????: rpm -q -a
?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????: rpm -q -f <????>
???????: -i - ????? ?????? ???????? ??????, -R - ?????? ???????????? ??????, -l - ?????? ?????? ? ??????,
-c - ?????? ???????? ? ??????, -d - ?????? ????????????.
????????? ?? ??????????: rpm --recompile <srpm> , ??????? ???????? ?????: rpm --rebuild <srpm>.
??????????? ????: rpm --rebuilddb


??? ??????? ??????????? rpm ???? [????????]


rpm2cpio file.rpm | cpio -idmuv --no-absolute-filenames


??? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? [????????]


rpm -qf file





Внимание! Читая пророчества на этом сайте помните что достоверность трудно проверить и все может во времени изменяться
"О дне же том, или часе, никто не знает, ни Ангелы небесные, ни Сын, но только Отец (Мк. 13, 32)"