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Linux ?????????
???, ????? ?????? ???? Linux, ???????????????? initrd (???? ?????? ??? ???????????? root ???????) ?????: as [???? ??????]
initrd - RAM-????, ???????????????? ???????????, ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????, ???????????
?? ????? ?? ???????????? root-???????, (????????, ?? ???????????? ????? ?????????? - ext2/ext3/scsi ??????).
1) man initrd - ??? ??????????? ???????;
2) ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? initrd:
mkinitrd /boot/initrd-2.4.21 2.4.21;
3) ? /etc/lilo.conf:
initrd=/boot/initrd-2.4.21
? mkinitrd ??? initrd ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????.
??? ? Linux ????? kernel panic ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????. [???? ??????]
???????? ? /etc/rc.d/rc.local:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/panic
?.?. ???????????? ????? ????????? ????? 1 ???. ????? panic, ???? 0 - ?? ?? ????????????? ? ?????.
?????? Linux ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ????? "Warning only 960MB will be used". [????????]
???? ?????????? ? lilo append="mem=1536M" ?? ????????:
?????????? ??????????? 2.2.x ???? ? ?????? CONFIG_2GB=y
Processor type and features -> Maximum Physical Memory -> 2Gb
???? ???????? ??????????? ? ???? 2.4.x - CONFIG_HIGHMEM, CONFIG_HIGHMEM4G ??? CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G
??????????? ??????? ? ??????? iproute2 ?????: Z0termaNN [???? ??????]
tc qdisc add dev eth1 root handle 1: htb default 2 r2q 1
tc class add dev eth1 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 10mbit ceil 10mbit mtu 1500
tc class add dev eth1 parent 1:1 classid 1:77 htb rate 32kbit ceil 48kbit mtu 1500 prio 0
tc class add dev eth1 parent 1:1 classid 1:2 htb rate 128kbit ceil 128kbit mtu 1500
tc filter add dev eth1 protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 1 u32 match ip dport 25 flowid 1:77
??????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????? Reiserfs [???? ??????]
- ???????? ????????? Reiserfs ? ????.
- ????????????? reiserfsprogs-3.x.0j.tar.gz
- C?????? ??? ??????? (mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.4.13;
lilo -C /etc/lilo.flop)
- ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ? Lilo ??????????? "linux root=/dev/hd init=/bin/bash"
- mkreiserfs /dev/hda1
- mount -t reiserfs /dev/had1 /
??? ??? Linux ?????????? ????????? serial ????? (??????????, ????? ?????) [????????]
/bin/setserial -b /dev/ttyS2 uart 16450 port 0x2E8 irq 5
??? ????? poweroff ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????: Alexander [????????]
???? ??? ?????? /sbin/poweroff ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ??:
/sbin/modprobe ospm_busmgr
/sbin/modprobe ospm_system
??? ? /etc/modules.conf:
alias ospm-busmgr ospm_busmgr
alias ospm-busmgr ospm_system
??? ?????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? Linux [????????]
?????????? ? ??????.
modinfo -a ??????
???????? ??????.
modinfo -d ??????
?????? ????????? ??????????.
modinfo -p ??????
??? ? Linux ????????? ????????????? 100Mb FullDuplex ??? Intel EtherExpress Pro100, ? ?? auto-select ? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????. [????????]
/sbin/mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0
??? ??????:
? /etc/modules.conf:
options eepro100 options=0x200 full_duplex=1
alias eth0 eepro100
insmod eepro100.o debug=1 options=0x200
??? ???? ? boot ???????????:
ether=0,0,0x200,eth0
PS. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? 1.14 (mod_info -a eepro100) ?????? 0x200 ??????? ?????? 0x30.
??? ??????? ? Linux ?? ???????? ??????? ext3 [????????]
?????????? ? ??????????? ext3 ????? (ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/sct/ext3/) ?
??????? (ftp://download.sourceforge.net/pub/sourceforge/e2fsprogs/).
??????????? ext2 FS ? ext3 (??? ???????????????? ??????? hda1):
tune2fs -j /dev/hda1
???????? ?????????????? (?? ext3 ? ext2):
tune2fs -O ^has_journal /dev/hda1
fsck.ext2 -f /dev/hdaX
??? ?????????????? ?????? ext3 ???????:
mke2fs -j /dev/hda1
??? ???????? ?????? ???????:
mount /dev/hdaX /mnt -o journal=update
??? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???? Linux [????????]
???? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????? CONFIG_PROC_CONFIG=Y:
zcat /proc/config.gz
??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ? EX2FS, ?????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ? ?.?. [????????]
????? ?????? ?? ?????????? - dumpe2fs -h /dev/??????
?????????? ? ?????? ????? - dumpe2fs /dev/??????
??? FreeBSD ????? ???????????? dumpfs.
??????????? ? ?????? ? Linux
??? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??? 2.2.x Linux ???? [????????]
vi /usr/src/linux/include/linux/tasks.h
#define NR_TASKS 512
#define MAX_TASKS_PER_USER (NR_TASKS/2)
??? ?????? LVM, ext3, reiserfs ? xfs ?????: ????? ??????? [????????]
LVM - ????????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????.
ext3 - ?????????? ext2 ??? ??????????????. ???????????? ?????????????? ??????, ? ?? ?????? ?????????? (??? data=journal).
reiserfs - ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????,
???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????.
xfs - ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ??????????, ????????? ACL.
????????? Hyper-Threading scheduler ? Linux, ??? CPU Xeon. [????????]
Linux ???????????? Hyper-Threading ??????? ? ???? 2.4.17.
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? SMP,
??? ????????, ???????? ???????? acpismp=force (? lilo: append=" acpismp=force")
???????? ??????:
cat /proc/cpuinfo, ???? ????? flags ???? "ht", ?? Hyper-Threading ???????????.
??? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ? Linux. [????????]
/usr/src/linux/Documenation/sysctl/vm.txt
/usr/src/linux/Documenation/filesystems/proc.txt
????????? ??? ?????? ?????? bdflush (vm.bdflush)
echo "100 2000 128 512 500 5000 60 0 0" > /proc/sys/vm/bdflush
?????????? ??????? ??? (? %) ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????? (????? ?? ???????)
echo "70 10 60" > /proc/sys/vm/buffermem
???????????? ?????? ???????? shared memory.
echo 167772160 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax # (def: 33554432)
??????????? TCP/IP ????? ? Linux ??? ???????????? ???????. [????????]
/usr/src/linux/Documenation/filesystems/proc.txt
/usr/src/linux/Documenation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? 2.2.x/2.4.x ????.
???? ???? ??????? ? CONFIG_SYNCOOKIES ??? ?????? ?? syn ????? (net.ipv4.tcpsyn_cookies)
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies #(0/0)
??????????? ?????? backlog ??????? (?????? sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog).
echo 1280 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_syn_backlog #(128/1024)
????? ????????? SYN ? SYNACK ????????? ??? TCP ?????????? (????? ?? ???????).
echo 4 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_synack_retries #(x/5)
echo 4 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syn_retries #(10/5)
????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? ????????? TCP ? UDP ?????? (sysctl net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range).
echo "16384 61000" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range #(1024 4999/32768 61000)
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? FIN ?? ??????? ???????? ??????.
echo 30 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout #(180/60)
??? ????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????? keep alive ??????????.
echo 1800 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time #(7200/7200)
??????? ??????? ???????? keepalive ????????, ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????.
echo 2 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_probes #(9/9)
????????? TCP window scaling (net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling)
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_window_scaling #(1/1)
????????? selective acknowledgements, RFC2018 (net.ipv4.tcp_sack).
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_sack #(1/1)
????????? TCP timestamps, RFC1323 (net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps)
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_timestamps #(1/1)
??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????.
echo 1048576 > /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max #(65535/autotune)
echo 1048576 > /proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default #(65535/autotune)
echo 1048576 > /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max #(65535/autotune)
echo 1048576 > /proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default #(65535/autotune)
???? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? (?????? ?? ?????) ?????????.
(net.ipv4.ip_forward ? net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding)
echo 0 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward #(0/0)
echo 0 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/forwarding #(0/0)
????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? (net.ipv4.tcp_orphan_retries)
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_orphan_retries #(x/7)
??????????? ???????? ?????????? ? Linux [????????]
man hdparm (????????: /sbin/hdparm -c3 -d1 -X34 /dev/hda)
man elvtune
man tune2fs
echo 128000 > /proc/sys/fs/inode-max # def 16384
echo 64000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max # def 4096 ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????.
cd /proc/sys/fs/ (? 2.4.x ???????? ??????????)
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
??? ??? Linux ??????? ramdisk ???????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. [????????]
??????? ???????????? tmpfs ??? ramfs
(??????? ? ???, ??? ?????? tmpfs ?????????? ?????????, ramfs ??????? ??? ??????, ? ramdisk ?????? ???????? ? ???)
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt
mount -t tmpfs -osize=256M /dev/shm1 /mnt1
??? ramfs:
mount -t ramfs -omaxsize=256M none /mnt1
???? ??????? ???????????? ramdisk ????????, ??????
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/ramdisk.txt
mkdir /ramdisk
??? 256?? ramdisk ? lilo.conf ?????????:
append="ramdisk_size=256000"
????????? lilo ? ????????????? ??????.
mke2fs /dev/ram0
mount -t -ext2 /dev/ram0 /ramdisk
??? ????????? ?????????? shared memory ??? ?????? ?????????????????? PostgreSQL [????????]
? linux:
echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmall
echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
? ??????? ???? FreeBSD:
options SYSVSHM
options SHMMAXPGS=4096
options SHMMAX="(SHMMAXPGS*PAGE_SIZE+1)"
options SHMMIN=2
options SHMMNI=256
options SHMSEG=256
options SYSVSEM
options SEMMAP=512
options SEMMNI=512
options SEMMNS=1024
options SEMMNU=512
options SEMMSL=256
options SEMOPM=256
options SEMUME=64
options SYSVMSG
options MSGMNB=8192
options MSGMNI=256
options MSGSEG=8192
options MSGSSZ=16
options MSGTQL=128
options NMBCLUSTERS=16786
options NBUF=2048
maxusers 512
?????????? ???????????? Linux
??? ???????? Linux ?? ????????? DoS ????. [????????]
????????? ??? ?????????? ????????????:
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.mc_forwarding=0
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1
/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1
??? ? linux ????????????? /etc/passwd ? shadow [????????]
/usr/sbin/pwconv
??? ? linux ????????? su ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? wheel [????????]
???????? ? /etc/pam.d/su
auth required pam_wheel.so
????????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ? Linux
????????? ?? ????????????? APT [???? ??????]
apt-get update - ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????;
apt-cache search ????? - ????? ??????? ??????;
apt-cache show ????? - ???????? ?????????? ? ??????;
apt-get install ????? - ????????? ??????;
apt-get remove ????? - ???????? ??????;
apt-get update; apt-get upgrade - ?????? ?????????? ???????.
???, ????? ?????? ???? Linux, ???????????????? initrd (???? ?????? ??? ???????????? root ???????) ?????: as [???? ??????]
initrd - RAM-????, ???????????????? ???????????, ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????, ???????????
?? ????? ?? ???????????? root-???????, (????????, ?? ???????????? ????? ?????????? - ext2/ext3/scsi ??????).
1) man initrd - ??? ??????????? ???????;
2) ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? initrd:
mkinitrd /boot/initrd-2.4.21 2.4.21;
3) ? /etc/lilo.conf:
initrd=/boot/initrd-2.4.21
? mkinitrd ??? initrd ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????.
??? ? RedHat ????????? ?? ????????? ?????? runlevel (init.d) ????????? [????????]
?????????? ????????:
service ??? start
service ??? stop
service ??? restart
?????????? ??? ???????? ????????:
chkconfig --list
chkconfig --add ???
chkconfig --del ???
chkconfig [--level ???????] ??? <on|off|reset>
????????? ?? ?????? RPM. [????????]
????????? ???????: rpm -i <??????>
????????????? ??????: rpm -e <??????>
?????????? ??? ????????? ???????: rpm -U <??????>
?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????: rpm -F <??????>
???????: --force -?????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???, --nodeps - ??? ???????? ???????????, -vh - ???????? ?????, --test - ????????.
?????????? ? ??????: rpm -q <?????>
?????? ???? ??????? ? ???????: rpm -q -a
?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????: rpm -q -f <????>
???????: -i - ????? ?????? ???????? ??????, -R - ?????? ???????????? ??????, -l - ?????? ?????? ? ??????,
-c - ?????? ???????? ? ??????, -d - ?????? ????????????.
????????? ?? ??????????: rpm --recompile <srpm> , ??????? ???????? ?????: rpm --rebuild <srpm>.
??????????? ????: rpm --rebuilddb
??? ??????? ??????????? rpm ???? [????????]
rpm2cpio file.rpm | cpio -idmuv --no-absolute-filenames
??? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? [????????]
rpm -qf file
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